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href="javascript:;" onClick="$j('cntrBody').css('font-size','16px')">大</a> <a href="javascript:;" onClick="$j('cntrBody').css('font-size','14px')">中</a> <a href="javascript:;" onClick="$j('cntrBody').css('font-size','12px')">小</a>】</p> </div> </div> <div id="tl4bfyk" class="clear"></div> <div class="tl4bfyk" id="cntrBody" class="zx_txt"> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 目前大多數(shù)醫(yī)院環(huán)境仍停留在依靠藥物消毒環(huán)境，以及患者服用大量抗生素控制患者不感染的基礎(chǔ)上。傳統(tǒng)的中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)藏污納垢，不僅不能起到潔凈空氣的作用，反而成為污染源，交叉污染的空氣四處傳播著病毒和細(xì)菌，使病人醫(yī)務(wù)人員隨時(shí)處于感染的境地。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 本手冊(cè)注重醫(yī)院中央空調(diào)的特殊性，系統(tǒng)地介紹了醫(yī)院空調(diào)的設(shè)備及應(yīng)用，設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，采購及施工，經(jīng)濟(jì)性分析以及常用檢測儀器的使用方法。并著重介紹了潔凈手術(shù)室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 本手冊(cè)參考《醫(yī)院中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)指南》及采集了網(wǎng)上相關(guān)資料，由暖通南社重新整理編輯而成。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)的特殊要求：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院空調(diào)不僅要求舒適性，更關(guān)系到病人的治療與康復(fù)、醫(yī)護(hù)人員的健康。良好的空氣品質(zhì)已成為治療疾病、減少感染、降低死亡率的重要技術(shù)保障，因此，對(duì)于醫(yī)院空調(diào)的特殊要求應(yīng)給予充分的關(guān)注。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 1.極高的空氣凈化功能 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院手術(shù)室等場所空氣潔凈程度直接關(guān)系到患者生命，另外，醫(yī)院是患者集中、空氣污染較嚴(yán)重的場所，比較恒定的溫度和相對(duì)封閉環(huán)境會(huì)增加感染幾率。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 2.極高的設(shè)備自身潔凈度 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 為了保證空氣潔凈度，醫(yī)院空調(diào)設(shè)備內(nèi)部及通風(fēng)管道內(nèi)部必須潔凈，否則會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌大量繁殖，造成室內(nèi)空氣的“二次污染”。要解決這個(gè)問題必須選擇開放式空調(diào)設(shè)備，便于維護(hù)人員每隔幾天或幾十天就可方便地清洗空調(diào)系統(tǒng)及通風(fēng)管道內(nèi)部。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 3.充足的新風(fēng)量 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 病人對(duì)空氣新鮮度依賴度很高，特別是病房，往往都有多個(gè)陪護(hù)人員，新風(fēng)的不足很容易導(dǎo)致因缺氧而加重病情或引發(fā)其它病癥。要保證新風(fēng)充足，除了設(shè)備外還要有儀器來檢測運(yùn)行中的新風(fēng)量。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 4.有組織的氣流流向 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 氣流組織形式直接影響細(xì)菌和有害物的擴(kuò)散，甚至造成交叉感染和化學(xué)、放射物污染。新風(fēng)應(yīng)從低位進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，使房間形成“新風(fēng)湖”。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 5.適宜的溫、濕度 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 溫度是治療疾病的一種手段。不同類型的病人有不同的溫度要求，病人的體質(zhì)較弱對(duì)溫度非常敏感，很小的溫度波動(dòng)都會(huì)引起病情的加劇。許多醫(yī)療設(shè)備對(duì)溫度也有特殊要求。濕度則與病原體密切相關(guān)，濕度越大細(xì)菌存活時(shí)間越長；一些特殊病人如呼吸道疾病患者要求有嚴(yán)格的濕度控制；精密的醫(yī)療設(shè)備只有在一定濕度下才能正常工作。醫(yī)院空調(diào)的各個(gè)區(qū)間應(yīng)可以獨(dú)立調(diào)控溫、濕度。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 6.較低的噪聲 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 噪音不僅影響病人的休息，更影響病人的康復(fù)，還會(huì)增加醫(yī)護(hù)人員的壓力、削弱他們的注意力和思考力?？照{(diào)系統(tǒng)是醫(yī)院噪音的主要來源，必須給予高度重視。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 7.較高的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)可靠性 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院是不能停止運(yùn)行的公共服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，這一特點(diǎn)決定了其空調(diào)系統(tǒng)不允許出現(xiàn)任何差錯(cuò)。一些重要部門如手術(shù)室、分娩室、監(jiān)護(hù)室、早產(chǎn)嬰兒室等，如果空調(diào)系統(tǒng)突然發(fā)生停機(jī)故障，可能會(huì)危及患者生命，所以、醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的可靠性要求比任何地方都高。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 8.易于經(jīng)常性維護(hù)保養(yǎng) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部灰塵、細(xì)菌堆積，溫、濕度又非常適宜細(xì)菌生長，因而空調(diào)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部會(huì)成為細(xì)菌的溫床，對(duì)室內(nèi)空氣產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重污染。因此，空調(diào)末端和空氣凈化裝置及風(fēng)管應(yīng)該易于拆洗。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 9.必須定時(shí)監(jiān)測 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 為了保證醫(yī)院中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的正常運(yùn)行和室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)，必須制定嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)測制度，對(duì)空氣品質(zhì)進(jìn)行定時(shí)監(jiān)測。尤其是其中的一些重要指標(biāo)，如空氣含塵濃度、含菌量、含氧量進(jìn)行密集的檢測。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 10.對(duì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、施工及運(yùn)維人員要求較高。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">空調(diào)系統(tǒng)常見適用性問題及應(yīng)對(duì)方法：</b> </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-1c800ee945a918b5af978be71ba7a50f_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)常見潔凈度問題及解決辦法：</b> </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7c17fdbaf3422a9ca9f4aa6c7b61ea3c_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)主機(jī)設(shè)備：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成：主要由冷熱源設(shè)備、輸配系統(tǒng)、管網(wǎng)、空調(diào)末端設(shè)備及空氣過濾器等組成。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 冷熱源設(shè)備：可分為電空調(diào)主機(jī)和溴化鋰主機(jī)兩大類。電空調(diào)以電能為動(dòng)力，溴化鋰以熱能為動(dòng)力。前者有活塞式、螺桿式和離心式3 種，后者又分為直燃型、蒸汽型、熱水型、廢熱型以及多能源型。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">冷熱源原理圖：</b> </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-a442ff1c957e2aa54395c54ba2ebfa78_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 電空調(diào)主機(jī)（螺桿式） </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-794ff68111a3ed496c610de9c2cd5f3e_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 溴化鋰空調(diào)主機(jī) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 對(duì)于現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院來說，潔凈度越高對(duì)病人恢復(fù)越有利，但出于經(jīng)濟(jì)性考慮，在不影響醫(yī)療效果的前提下，有些地方可降低潔凈度要求。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 室內(nèi)綜合參數(shù)一覽表 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院空調(diào)的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)主要包含空氣潔凈度、新鮮度、溫度、濕度四個(gè)方面。醫(yī)院各室功能差異很大，所要求的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)也不同。下面分別介紹。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-10003cc57f9fef9b7ce889dd5fdd4043_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ffac1068af8de8afaed4f6a2030484fe_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-ef0fab10410bd0fdae8a36bae5223e78_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 注：表中Y 指yes，N 指no。換氣次數(shù)單位：次/h。表內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)來自美國采暖制冷與空調(diào)工程師協(xié)會(huì)(ASHRAE)的醫(yī)院暖通空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)及日本醫(yī)療福利設(shè)備協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(HEAS-0.2，1998) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)說明：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈用房：凡是送風(fēng)需要設(shè)置亞高效及以上過濾器的房間，即為潔凈用房，如下表所示。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d0684f01374ce6863eb54f5b52e4194a_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">潔凈等級(jí)</b>：醫(yī)院潔凈用房分為四級(jí)，在空態(tài)或靜態(tài)條件下，細(xì)菌濃度（沉降菌法濃度或浮游菌法濃度）和空氣含塵濃度都必須符合分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。換氣次數(shù)應(yīng)符合下表的規(guī)定且不超過規(guī)定上限的1.2 倍。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ef8ebb6aad52b936149a704e748da10b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 注：①：當(dāng)局部集中送風(fēng)時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。若為全室單向流，則此局部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即為全室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> ②：Ⅰ級(jí)的截面風(fēng)速視房間功能而定，在具體條文中給出。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> ③：當(dāng)采用局部集中送風(fēng)時(shí)，局部潔凈度級(jí)別可高一級(jí)。交梭狀態(tài)潔凈室（空態(tài)）：已建成并準(zhǔn)備運(yùn)行的、具有凈化空調(diào)的全部設(shè)施及功能，但室內(nèi)沒有設(shè)備和人員的潔凈室。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 待工作狀態(tài)潔凈室（靜態(tài)）：室內(nèi)凈化空調(diào)設(shè)施及功能齊備，如有工藝設(shè)備，工藝設(shè)備已安裝并可運(yùn)行，但無工作人員時(shí)的潔凈室。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 沉降法細(xì)菌濃度：簡稱沉降菌濃度。用直徑為 90mm 培養(yǎng)皿在空氣中暴露 30min，蓋好培養(yǎng)皿后經(jīng)過培養(yǎng) 得出的菌落數(shù)（CFU），代表空氣中可以沉降下來的細(xì)菌數(shù)。來自暖通南社整理編輯。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 浮游法細(xì)菌濃度：簡稱浮游菌濃度。在空氣中隨機(jī)采樣，對(duì)采樣培養(yǎng)基經(jīng)過培養(yǎng)得出的菌落數(shù)（CFU），代表空氣中的浮游菌個(gè)數(shù)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 表面菌染密度：用特定的方法擦拭表面并按要求培養(yǎng)得出的菌落數(shù)(CFU)，代表該表面沾染的細(xì)菌數(shù)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 空氣潔凈度等級(jí)劃分表 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-67b3a8d6228011583b72db6ae7c8c09e_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">通風(fēng)換氣次數(shù)均指機(jī)械通風(fēng)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院建筑需要大量新鮮、清潔的空氣，這些空氣主要用于稀釋有害氣體，滿足人體衛(wèi)生要求及補(bǔ)償室內(nèi)的排風(fēng)。醫(yī)院內(nèi)常見的有害污染物見下表。一般來說，室外新風(fēng)中的塵、菌和微生物濃度都低于醫(yī)院室內(nèi)空氣，如果再加以適當(dāng)?shù)倪^濾、靜電除塵、活性碳除毒等處理，處理后的空氣用于送風(fēng)就可以滿足上述要求。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院各部門常見的有害物 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-89c83673158432f1fbc1b09655c58ead_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 注：○代表有害物存在 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">與相鄰區(qū)域的壓力關(guān)系：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 凡是清潔、無菌、無塵、無臭以及怕污染的場所，應(yīng)保持正壓；凡是有污染發(fā)生、有害氣體散發(fā)以及極大熱濕產(chǎn)生的室內(nèi)，應(yīng)保持負(fù)壓。無明顯的污染、熱濕及有害氣體發(fā)生，又無特殊要求的室內(nèi)可與室外保持同壓，人員進(jìn)出不會(huì)造成較大的影響。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)末端系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> GB51039-2014《綜合醫(yī)院建筑設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》； </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> GB50333-2013《醫(yī)院潔凈手術(shù)部建筑技術(shù)規(guī)范》 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">引用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相關(guān)內(nèi)容：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 手術(shù)室、術(shù)后監(jiān)護(hù)室、產(chǎn)房、監(jiān)護(hù)病房、灼傷病房、血液透析室，以及高精度醫(yī)療裝備用房等，宜采用空氣調(diào)節(jié)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈手術(shù)室的新風(fēng)及回風(fēng)，應(yīng)經(jīng)初效、中效和高效過濾器處理。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 采用空調(diào)的手術(shù)室、產(chǎn)房工作區(qū)和灼傷病房的氣流速度宜為≤0.2m/s。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 灼傷病房、凈化室、手術(shù)室、無菌室應(yīng)保證空氣正壓。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 核醫(yī)學(xué)的通風(fēng)柜應(yīng)采用機(jī)械排風(fēng)，排風(fēng)口的風(fēng)速應(yīng)保持1m/s 左右。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)宜使?jié)崈羰中g(shù)部處于受控狀態(tài)，既能保證潔凈手術(shù)部整體控制，又能使各潔凈手術(shù)室靈活使用。Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí)潔凈手術(shù)室應(yīng)每間采用獨(dú)立凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈用房內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁采用普通的風(fēng)機(jī)盤管機(jī)組或空調(diào)器。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)至少設(shè)置三級(jí)空氣過濾，準(zhǔn)潔凈手術(shù)室和Ⅲ、Ⅳ級(jí)潔凈輔助用房，可采用帶亞高效過濾器或 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 高效過濾器的凈化風(fēng)機(jī)盤管機(jī)組，或立柜式凈化空調(diào)器。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 空調(diào)設(shè)備的選用除應(yīng)滿足防止微生物二次污染原則外，還應(yīng)滿足下列要求： </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 凈化空調(diào)機(jī)組內(nèi)表面及內(nèi)置零部件應(yīng)選用耐消毒藥品腐蝕的材料或面層，材質(zhì)表面應(yīng)光潔。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> ⑴ 內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)便于清洗并能順利排除清洗廢水，不易積塵和滋生細(xì)菌。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> ⑵ 表面冷卻器的冷凝水排出口，應(yīng)設(shè)能自動(dòng)防倒吸并在負(fù)壓時(shí)能順利排出冷凝水的裝置。在除濕工況時(shí)， </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 應(yīng)在系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行3min 內(nèi)排出水來。凝結(jié)水管不能直接與下水道相接。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 風(fēng)管應(yīng)采用平整、光滑、堅(jiān)固、耐侵蝕的材料制作。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)和潔凈室內(nèi)與循環(huán)空氣接觸的金屬件必須防銹、耐腐，對(duì)已做過表面處理的金屬件因加工而暴露的部分必須再做表面保護(hù)處理。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">以往在醫(yī)院空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 在病區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)中存在著產(chǎn)品選型、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、安裝和運(yùn)行管理問題，其結(jié)果是不能有效控制細(xì)菌濃度，甚至還為細(xì)菌和病毒傳播提供了途徑。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (1) 空氣凈化實(shí)際效果不好 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 雖然裝設(shè)了空氣凈化設(shè)施，但在潔凈室實(shí)際使用中忽視真實(shí)的潔凈度，并忽視醫(yī)護(hù)人員在空氣品質(zhì)管理上的作用。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (2) 新風(fēng)量不足 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 新風(fēng)與高效過濾器為同一通道，過濾器稍有堵塞就會(huì)使新風(fēng)量大幅下降，且房間沒有儀器監(jiān)測新風(fēng)是否充足，致使某些病區(qū)新風(fēng)長期不夠。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (3) 氣流組織不合理 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 病區(qū)采用全空氣系統(tǒng)（回風(fēng)混合系統(tǒng)），導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌相互傳播，發(fā)生交叉感染。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (4) 系統(tǒng)本身污染嚴(yán)重、末端裝置凈化不足 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)藏污納垢問題長期未得到解決。設(shè)備及大部分風(fēng)管無法清洗，僅靠過濾網(wǎng)或過濾布，易堵塞且不便更新，導(dǎo)致灰塵和病菌聚積在過濾器，病菌成倍繁殖（見下圖），造成室內(nèi)空氣污染嚴(yán)重。即使部分風(fēng)管能夠清洗，清洗費(fèi)用也太高。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-147bfd3bcd522d20a1d8a9d3a5e0bacb_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 難于清洗的風(fēng)管與骯臟風(fēng)口 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 已有的空氣凈化器可有效去除大顆粒物，但對(duì)于氣態(tài)污染物和“分子污染物”的去除效果卻不好：①阻力大；②有些凈化器設(shè)計(jì)不合理，達(dá)不到應(yīng)有的凈化效果；③能耗高，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用高；④后期維護(hù)工作量大。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (5)天花板、夾層墻、管道井易深入細(xì)菌 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 中央空調(diào)風(fēng)管和水管貫穿整座建筑，且醫(yī)院又是一個(gè)食物很豐富的地方（病人餐點(diǎn)），極易引來老鼠、蟑螂，滋生細(xì)菌。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 例如，四川某醫(yī)院住院及門診急診綜合樓總建筑面積8萬m2，高14 層。入院大廳、病房、急診科室采用了新風(fēng)加風(fēng)機(jī)盤管系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)療檢驗(yàn)、化驗(yàn)室采用全空氣中央空調(diào)，手術(shù)室采用獨(dú)立的凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。在調(diào)試和使用過程中，醫(yī)患人員反映較大的是過渡季節(jié)和冬季室內(nèi)較悶，新鮮空氣量不足，均有輕度頭暈、乏力等癥狀；室內(nèi)送回風(fēng)不均勻，不易調(diào)節(jié)。大型醫(yī)療監(jiān)測設(shè)備房間發(fā)熱量高，室內(nèi)溫濕度達(dá)不到要求，有的房間甚至需增加分體式空調(diào)機(jī)來彌補(bǔ)設(shè)計(jì)上的不足；室內(nèi)醫(yī)療設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的異味氣體，進(jìn)入空調(diào)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中，造成串味污染； </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 有的房間有送風(fēng)無回風(fēng)，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)外壓力不平衡，開門受到影響；集中空調(diào)送回風(fēng)噪音大等；使用功能不同的房間共用一個(gè)空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，如檢測室與醫(yī)生診療室；人員密集度高的門診大廳、公共走道無專門的排風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 病區(qū)空調(diào)、新風(fēng)、凈化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)： </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 醫(yī)院病區(qū)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量關(guān)系到病人的治療、康復(fù)和醫(yī)護(hù)人員的健康。中央空調(diào)投入使用，有效地調(diào)節(jié)病區(qū)室內(nèi)溫度、濕度、新風(fēng)量、氣流速度、空氣潔凈度，科學(xué)、安全地減少細(xì)菌傳播途徑、污染擴(kuò)散，減少并控制感染。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 針對(duì)病區(qū)中央空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)、使用和管理的現(xiàn)狀，應(yīng)建立“以病人為中心”的人性化設(shè)計(jì)理念，以滿足病人的需要、提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量作為空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)原則，減少污染和控制交叉感染作為空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 合理組織氣流，將醫(yī)患分開，使護(hù)理單元盡可能吸收自然陽光和進(jìn)行自然通風(fēng)，特殊病區(qū)采取梯級(jí)氣壓分布，遵守清潔區(qū)為正壓，污染區(qū)為負(fù)壓的原則，建議用獨(dú)立風(fēng)機(jī)盤管加純新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，風(fēng)機(jī)盤管系統(tǒng)均按病房的要求隔離。風(fēng)機(jī)盤管（包括其過濾器）,必須具有可方便開啟的門，合適的安裝位置，易于清洗。吹風(fēng)感和風(fēng)機(jī)噪音會(huì)使病人感覺不舒適，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意出風(fēng)口位置，避免出風(fēng)直吹人體。同時(shí)，選擇醫(yī)用風(fēng)機(jī)時(shí)，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格要求風(fēng)機(jī)的質(zhì)量，以降低噪音。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-3467497d88885e7209b244c52b304da5_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 國內(nèi)外對(duì)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量的研究表明，加大新風(fēng)量是解決室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量問題的有效途徑。醫(yī)院病區(qū)對(duì)空氣質(zhì)量的要求是多方面的，主要取決于有害物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)和數(shù)量以及房間的具體使用功能。所以病區(qū)的空調(diào)還應(yīng)滿足排除和稀釋病房或診室內(nèi)的病菌、病毒或治療過程中產(chǎn)生的有害氣體的需要，并且要有足夠量的新鮮空氣在室內(nèi)或整個(gè)建筑內(nèi)形成較好的有壓力梯度的氣流組織。不管是在門診還是在病房，病患一般都有陪伴親友或護(hù)理人員，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)需考慮病人陪護(hù)人員所需新風(fēng)量，保證病區(qū)合理的新風(fēng)供給。設(shè)置集中純新風(fēng)供給系統(tǒng)，這樣新風(fēng)不會(huì)受到空調(diào)中過濾器等設(shè)備的阻礙，新風(fēng)供給就有保證了。在每個(gè)房間設(shè)置CO2監(jiān)測器，隨時(shí)監(jiān)測房間是否缺氧，并及時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)。新風(fēng)、排風(fēng)路徑應(yīng)盡量遠(yuǎn)，以充分利用新風(fēng)。而且確保室內(nèi)臟空氣被徹底置換，應(yīng)盡量使新風(fēng)比室溫低2~3℃，從低位進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，使房間形成"新風(fēng)湖"，這會(huì)大大提高新風(fēng)利用率。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">凈化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 對(duì)醫(yī)院環(huán)境的空氣進(jìn)行凈化處理是降低醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染率的一個(gè)重要措施。醫(yī)院不同于其它公共場所，病人入院時(shí)會(huì)帶入不同的細(xì)菌和病毒，使醫(yī)院的空氣經(jīng)常被污染。病人及醫(yī)護(hù)人員等經(jīng)常暴露在致病微生物中；病人抵抗力又普遍較低。因此對(duì)醫(yī)院環(huán)境空氣進(jìn)行凈化處理，既可以控制病原微生物的種類和數(shù)量，也可以控制感染的局部環(huán)境，還可以大大降低醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染率。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 應(yīng)用于醫(yī)用建筑的空氣凈化技術(shù)主要有：機(jī)械過濾、吸附凈化、靜電除塵等。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (1) 機(jī)械過濾是讓室內(nèi)空氣經(jīng)過風(fēng)機(jī)加壓后通過纖維過濾材料，從而將空氣中的顆粒污染物捕集下來的凈化方式。機(jī)械過濾結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，在集中、半集中空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用較廣泛。但阻力大，能耗高，濾料需要定期更換。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (2) 吸附法是利用某些有吸附能力的物質(zhì)，吸附空氣中的有害成分從而消除有害污染物的凈化方式。由于活性碳對(duì)室內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)的氣態(tài)污染物都有顯著的吸附性能，在空氣凈化領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，但活性碳吸附層吸附容量有限，需定期更換。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (3) 靜電除塵主要是利用高壓電場形成電暈，在電暈區(qū)里自由電子和離子碰撞和吸附到塵埃顆粒上，使灰塵帶上電荷，帶電后的粉塵微粒在電場力的作用下被吸到收集區(qū)并沉積，從而除去空氣中的顆粒物，達(dá)到潔凈空氣的目的。靜電凈化阻力小，除塵效果好、空氣處理量大、性能穩(wěn)定等特點(diǎn)，并有殺菌的功能。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 以上幾種空氣凈化措施都存在著不同的特點(diǎn)，對(duì)于空氣品質(zhì)要求高的醫(yī)院，單一的空氣凈化措施已不能滿足其凈化要求，采用兩種或多種凈化措施的組合方式能取得很好的效果。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">手術(shù)室等潔凈室空調(diào)、新風(fēng)、凈化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)嚴(yán)格規(guī)定醫(yī)院潔凈用房內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁采用普通的風(fēng)機(jī)盤管機(jī)組或空調(diào)器，對(duì)于手術(shù)室等潔凈室的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)就應(yīng)有更高的要求。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 1.空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈室空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)決定了選用的風(fēng)機(jī)盤管機(jī)組或空調(diào)器必須具備以下要求： </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (1) 風(fēng)量大 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈室主要是通過空氣量的循環(huán)來過濾空氣中的塵埃、細(xì)菌等，達(dá)到潔凈的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。醫(yī)用空氣處理機(jī)組，一般要采用正壓設(shè)計(jì)，如果面板和框架固定不夠，就有可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)面板飛出砸人的恐怖現(xiàn)象，因此潔凈用空氣處理機(jī)組首先要滿足高強(qiáng)度的要求，目前市面上常見的面板厚度有30mm 和50mm，也有一些廠家率先推出60mm的面板的機(jī)組，相信在潔凈場合將得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (2) 風(fēng)機(jī)的壓頭高 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈室一般至少要采用初、中、高三級(jí)過濾器過濾，而這三級(jí)過濾器的阻力加起來有700～800Pa左右，以及采用的集中送、回風(fēng)方式，為保證維持潔凈室的正負(fù)壓調(diào)節(jié)，導(dǎo)致潔凈室的管道阻力一般比普通空調(diào)的要多一倍以上。要克服這些阻力，就要求空氣處理機(jī)組的送風(fēng)機(jī)有足夠的壓頭，所以潔凈室的空氣處理機(jī)組的送風(fēng)機(jī)組一般采用后彎機(jī)翼型的風(fēng)機(jī)，或者是無渦殼的風(fēng)機(jī)，才能達(dá)到足夠高送回風(fēng)壓頭。在這種大風(fēng)量，大壓頭的情況下，對(duì)機(jī)組的漏風(fēng)率也是一種考驗(yàn)，潔凈室用空氣處理機(jī)組的漏風(fēng)率越低，為用戶節(jié)省的能源就越多，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用就越低。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (3) 溫濕度控制精度高 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)恒溫恒濕，采用的空氣處理機(jī)組中至少要具備制冷、制熱、加濕、除濕等功能段，而且需要精密控制的方式；如換熱器要采用高效率的親水翅片，并且水流量采用比例積分控制，加濕量也要采用比例積分或者是PID調(diào)節(jié)的方式，以便實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的控制精度。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (4) 正負(fù)壓控制嚴(yán)格 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 需要防止放射性塵埃、有害氣體、臭氣及細(xì)菌向外擴(kuò)散，準(zhǔn)確有效的控制正負(fù)壓極其關(guān)鍵。要想有準(zhǔn)確的壓差控制值和較高的控制精度，就要求潔凈室空氣處理機(jī)組要有較低的漏風(fēng)率。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (5) 擁有良好的過濾系統(tǒng) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈技術(shù)對(duì)細(xì)菌等的控制程度，主要取決于過濾器的性能。一般至少要經(jīng)過三級(jí)過濾，空氣處理機(jī)組配備初、中效過濾器，送風(fēng)末端配高效過濾器?？諝膺^濾器要有良好的品質(zhì)，且方便定期清洗，但實(shí)際運(yùn)行中一直被忽視。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ce9a76f18b704e4c1e29e361879781e0_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (6) 采用變頻技術(shù) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈室中選用空氣處理機(jī)組的送風(fēng)機(jī)電機(jī)功率都是按過濾器的終阻力來選型的，在空調(diào)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行初期，風(fēng)機(jī)的壓力是足夠克服系統(tǒng)的阻力來滿足使用要求的，這時(shí)候采用變頻器，可以將風(fēng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速降低，減少功耗，起到良好的節(jié)能目的；隨著系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行，過濾器的阻力越來越大，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)量將會(huì)減少，通過風(fēng)管里風(fēng)量或者是靜壓變化提供變化的數(shù)據(jù)給變頻器，變頻器將風(fēng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速變大，以滿足系統(tǒng)風(fēng)量的要求。同時(shí)也可以調(diào)節(jié)風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，對(duì)房間的正負(fù)壓保持有良好的調(diào)節(jié)作用。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (7) 相當(dāng)?shù)姆€(wěn)定性和可靠性 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 潔凈室中，如果在手術(shù)或產(chǎn)房過程中，空調(diào)機(jī)組出現(xiàn)故障，將帶來生命的安危，因此要求空調(diào)機(jī)組擁有相當(dāng)?shù)姆€(wěn)定性和可靠性，且每一個(gè)部件采購中應(yīng)該采用擁有良好的品質(zhì)管理廠家的產(chǎn)品，如在機(jī)組內(nèi)部應(yīng)該選用有AMCA 認(rèn)證的高品質(zhì)風(fēng)機(jī)和高品質(zhì)的電機(jī)，對(duì)過濾器的選用也要非常慎用，特別是高效過濾器。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 2.新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 手術(shù)室、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室等潔凈室對(duì)新風(fēng)的要求極高，為保持室內(nèi)正壓值所需的新風(fēng)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于為維持室內(nèi)空氣新鮮度所需的新風(fēng)量，因此新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)是潔凈室空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的重要部分。選用新風(fēng)機(jī)組時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考慮以下： </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 問題：當(dāng)CO2含量高于700ppm,表明室內(nèi)新風(fēng)不足，室內(nèi)某些厭氧菌落可能快速繁殖；高于1000ppm時(shí)，則室內(nèi)缺氧，加重病人病情，使醫(yī)生疲倦、犯困，注意力下降，易發(fā)生手術(shù)事故；濕度高于60%細(xì)菌加速繁殖，低于40%細(xì)菌形成芽胞難以殺死。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (1) 新風(fēng)量充足：常用的一、二次或二次回風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，用回風(fēng)管從潔凈室回收60～80%空氣與新風(fēng)混合經(jīng)處理后再送入使用，新風(fēng)究竟進(jìn)入多少，說不清也難以保證。新風(fēng)與高效過濾器都是共用同一通道，只要過濾器稍有堵塞，新風(fēng)量就大大減少，不能保證實(shí)際獲取充足的新風(fēng)量。便必須采用獨(dú)立專用的新風(fēng)處理機(jī)組，起到某種計(jì)量泵的作用。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (2) 新風(fēng)品質(zhì)高：在新風(fēng)的運(yùn)送過程中，風(fēng)管為全封閉，管內(nèi)常年溫、濕度較恒定，適宜細(xì)菌繁殖，且塵埃日積月累，為細(xì)菌提供豐富營養(yǎng)，而水分和塵埃一樣，同樣是細(xì)菌滋長的必要營養(yǎng)源。因此新風(fēng)管在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)盡量短，且明裝，內(nèi)涂光滑度極高的且極牢固的漆，外側(cè)用聚塑硬保溫，涂同樣的漆，不留絲毫縫隙。新風(fēng)處理中，冬季寒冷區(qū)應(yīng)設(shè)有自動(dòng)控制常開防凍加熱器確保進(jìn)入的新風(fēng)不低于5℃，夏季新風(fēng)機(jī)組中的表冷器應(yīng)根據(jù)系統(tǒng)采用的空氣處理流程與控制方式的不同對(duì)新風(fēng)進(jìn)行預(yù)處理。濕度調(diào)節(jié)應(yīng)避免采用水噴霧加濕，而采用蒸汽加濕，且加濕器要采用能夠?qū)⑵蛛x的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。在德國整個(gè)手術(shù)部室內(nèi)相對(duì)濕度不允許超過65%，而管路系統(tǒng)一般要求也不大于70%。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (3) 室內(nèi)監(jiān)控：重視醫(yī)護(hù)人員在空氣品質(zhì)管理方面可以發(fā)揮的作用，在每間潔凈手術(shù)室、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室、生物潔凈室設(shè)置固定的溫度、濕度、CO2監(jiān)測器，隨時(shí)監(jiān)測房間是否缺氧。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)缺氧，可調(diào)大新風(fēng)閥門，或檢查排風(fēng)閥門是否打開。此種做法是國外手術(shù)室提出的重要條件，除了監(jiān)測新風(fēng)外，還可以判斷室內(nèi)含菌濃度，換氣不足必會(huì)加劇細(xì)菌繁殖。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 3.凈化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 手術(shù)室等潔凈室的污染控制實(shí)質(zhì)在于真正有效地消除一切交叉感染的隱患、避免任何可能引起的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。以手術(shù)室為例，防止和降低手術(shù)感染是手術(shù)室基本的要求。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 引發(fā)感染的途徑多種多樣，主要是接觸途徑，空氣凈化措施只對(duì)預(yù)防患者感染具有潛在的優(yōu)勢，要保證患者不受感染，就必須加強(qiáng)綜合無菌控制和管理，制定全過程、全方位的保障措施： </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (1) 獨(dú)立設(shè)置手術(shù)室環(huán)境必須采用空氣潔凈技術(shù)，任何普通空調(diào)器都不得直接用于手術(shù)室。每間潔凈室都要采用獨(dú)立設(shè)置的凈化空調(diào)機(jī)組，凈化系統(tǒng)至少設(shè)有三級(jí)空氣過濾。潔凈室的設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)要充分考慮到運(yùn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)性和臨床有效性，是否需要潔凈度的控制空間，如單向?qū)恿鳚崈艏夹g(shù)室要全面慎重地進(jìn)行論證。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (2) 正壓風(fēng)系統(tǒng) 要有一個(gè)集中的正壓風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，例如手術(shù)室是間歇工作的，在非手術(shù)期間，手術(shù)室相對(duì)低級(jí)別的相鄰潔凈手術(shù)室有一定的正壓值即可防止污染空氣進(jìn)入，從而縮短潔凈手術(shù)室使用前的自凈時(shí)間，實(shí)現(xiàn)整體控制。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (3) 新、排風(fēng)口前設(shè)置初中效過濾在間歇工作期間，污染空氣會(huì)通過新風(fēng)口（或排風(fēng)口）新風(fēng)管（或排風(fēng)管）、回風(fēng)管、回風(fēng)口與室內(nèi)相通，室內(nèi)潔凈度會(huì)很快遭到污染。設(shè)置初中效過濾器（對(duì)手術(shù)室還應(yīng)有亞高效過濾器）可以保護(hù)末端高效過濾器、延長使用壽命。 </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> (4) 可維修原則潔凈手術(shù)室在應(yīng)用中，面臨設(shè)施維護(hù)及升級(jí)，醫(yī)療設(shè)備安裝等各種施工工程，如何對(duì)施工手術(shù)室進(jìn)行有效隔離，從而不影響其他房間工作，也是手術(shù)部門設(shè)計(jì)必須考慮的問題。根據(jù)國外成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，設(shè)置手術(shù)室技術(shù)夾層是非常有效和必要的，便于安置各級(jí)潔凈間獨(dú)立的設(shè)備機(jī)組，減少手術(shù)室吊頂內(nèi)施工的復(fù)雜性，大部分設(shè)備維護(hù)工作可在夾層中進(jìn)行，從而減少對(duì)手術(shù)室工作的影響。另外還可以將潔凈室內(nèi)的凈化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)成單獨(dú)的、移動(dòng)式的一體化凈化系統(tǒng)，使用和維護(hù)都很靈活。 </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-81e81c0530ad176822a6a0b0612e14b6_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 典型的住院部空調(diào)末端平面圖： </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f04e7088d095fbc91ad2b7cfb3e3809b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 手術(shù)部空調(diào)末端平面圖： </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-952929a9cb03ce244106d8ba3c69f0fb_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> 典型的門診部空調(diào)末端平面圖： </p> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-24dfb6fc689e0b83cb3a4ad0f8d6236a_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">節(jié)能建筑介紹：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)進(jìn)步和診療設(shè)備更新，我國醫(yī)院建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已大大提高，在建設(shè)費(fèi)用提高的同時(shí)能耗也不斷上升，且成為能耗大的公共建筑之一。有關(guān)資料顯示，在醫(yī)院能耗結(jié)構(gòu)中，電力約占64%，其中，空調(diào)約占50%。空調(diào)、供熱（包括供熱水與蒸汽）已成為醫(yī)院兩大能耗。對(duì)醫(yī)院的空調(diào)進(jìn)行節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)和管理，可有效降低空調(diào)能耗，節(jié)約運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1.圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)是中央空調(diào)負(fù)荷的重要組成部分，圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)組成和遮陽設(shè)施能大幅降低空調(diào)的能耗，達(dá)到節(jié)能目的。不透明部分的外圍護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)的節(jié)能特性主要與墻體的隔熱能力有關(guān)，但是它也承受來自日射的吸熱影響，因此增加隔熱性與降低日照吸熱因子可以降低空調(diào)能耗。外墻構(gòu)造應(yīng)以能減少外界熱量侵入為必要條件，在使用隔熱處理時(shí)，必須配合合理的遮陽設(shè)施及良好的通風(fēng)計(jì)劃以減輕外墻之受熱量。就外表面材料而言，以使用明度較高的表面材料增加反射率為宜，通常以淺色材料，白色墻體具有90%之反射率而一般紅磚混凝土建材則只有10%～50%。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 墻體保溫<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ①墻體及屋頂?shù)母魺岜仨毥咏銓?dǎo)熱水平。嚴(yán)寒地區(qū)導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)＜0.2W/m2K（保溫層≥250mm）；較寒地區(qū)＜0.3 W/m2K（≥150mm）；其他地區(qū)＜0.4 W/m2K（≥100 mm）。 </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ecffe582255e5577ea8407a8b4565b64_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ②窗戶及幕墻采用三層玻璃，窗框及玻璃之間隔條必須用非金屬，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)＜2W/m2K。 </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-481abbb4aaedbd5b139f887de32c195e_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ③窗戶應(yīng)盡量小，窗墻比應(yīng)＜20% 。多用固定窗，盡量少用活動(dòng)窗，不可大面積幕墻。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ④舊單層或雙層玻璃固定窗改造，可直接在原窗內(nèi)加非金屬窗框及玻璃。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑤所有外墻緊固件不可導(dǎo)熱，陽臺(tái)及戶外梯不可向墻體導(dǎo)熱。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑥新建建筑應(yīng)在墻外隔熱，舊建筑改造如施工困難或不想影響建筑外觀，可在墻內(nèi)隔熱。但高寒地區(qū)不可墻內(nèi)隔熱，以防墻體與保溫層之間凝水生霉菌。 </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-ddc08924a36a30fd7595e9ca6ea1ff8f_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 遮陽 </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-0101bce370ec4939ebcf074f59820c27_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ①有陽光照入的窗戶或幕墻，必須設(shè)置遮陽板。（見上圖）<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ②遮陽板透光率＜10%，高熱地區(qū)透光率＜2% 。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ③遮陽板應(yīng)設(shè)于窗外(以免把熱傳入室內(nèi))。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ④遮陽板應(yīng)十分便于用手開關(guān)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑤遮陽板必須考慮防風(fēng)，并采用不吸污抗腐蝕材料。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑥遮陽板優(yōu)選順序:可調(diào)式百葉、上翻板、側(cè)翻板、推拉板(此板可下開百葉、側(cè)開百葉或光板、波紋板等)金屬或塑料卷簾、布卷簾。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑦熱帶地區(qū)南向墻必須增加百葉遮陽。（見下圖）<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑧ 公共房間遮陽板應(yīng)根據(jù)光感器、溫感器自動(dòng)開/關(guān)，陽光照射時(shí)≤18℃開，≥24℃關(guān)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑨ 個(gè)別改造項(xiàng)目難以設(shè)置遮陽板的窗戶及幕墻，可貼反射式遮陽膜，反射率應(yīng)大于85% 。 </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-49cc39b30622e0b06aed53ec4c4a9432_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 照明及耗能器具<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ①必須采用節(jié)能燈。一般房間照明功率小于2W/m2，照度150～200lx，高空間小于5W，照度小于300lx。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ②每個(gè)照明區(qū)燈具必須二路或以上開關(guān)，且開關(guān)位置應(yīng)方便。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ③衛(wèi)生間、走廊及公共房間照明應(yīng)采用紅外自動(dòng)控制開關(guān)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ④燈應(yīng)直射用光處(可適當(dāng)用格柵遮晃光)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑤高空間的房間應(yīng)將燈吊至離地4m以下。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑥盡量利用自然光照明(百葉窗、屋頂天窗)，但要防止夏季陽光帶入熱量。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ⑦必須消除室內(nèi)所有器具無效耗電和產(chǎn)熱，否則不僅浪費(fèi)電還浪費(fèi)冷量。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)冷熱源系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)投資占建筑總投資的15%以上，冷熱源又占空調(diào)總投資的40%～60%。冷熱源的設(shè)計(jì)不僅影響空調(diào)系統(tǒng)品質(zhì)的好壞，對(duì)于建筑總投資也有重要影響。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">主機(jī)選型原則：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)主機(jī)應(yīng)按照國家能源政策和符合環(huán)保、消防、安全技術(shù)規(guī)定以及根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)啬茉垂?yīng)情況，并結(jié)合醫(yī)院使用特點(diǎn)來選擇。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 空調(diào)常用能源有天然氣、電、廢熱等，當(dāng)有天然氣、廢熱、余熱可利用時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用可能源再利中央空調(diào)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 綜合考慮醫(yī)院負(fù)荷特性，合理選擇機(jī)型、臺(tái)數(shù)和調(diào)節(jié)方式，以降低全年總能耗。另外，冬夏兩用并可提供衛(wèi)生熱水的設(shè)備，是醫(yī)院冷熱源設(shè)備的。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的負(fù)荷調(diào)節(jié)范圍、噪聲、外形尺寸、無故障運(yùn)行周期、服務(wù)質(zhì)量等多種因素選型。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 保護(hù)大氣臭氧層，積極采用低能耗且冷媒環(huán)保型空調(diào)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">裝機(jī)容量：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 現(xiàn)普遍存在的問題是夏季空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)負(fù)荷偏大，設(shè)備系統(tǒng)容量超出實(shí)際需要。此種情況在醫(yī)院建筑中尤為突出，以致空調(diào)系統(tǒng)投資大，設(shè)備閑置，利用率低，效率低。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)院屬于一種特殊的公共建筑，其門診部人員較密集，流動(dòng)量大。人員和新風(fēng)負(fù)荷一般占到醫(yī)院總負(fù)荷的50%以上。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)資料，以天津某醫(yī)院為例，其冷負(fù)荷構(gòu)成如下表所列： </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-92853ea03add675b37bfaddea0d8ac5c_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 在確定醫(yī)院總負(fù)荷后還要根據(jù)全年負(fù)荷曲線來確定冷熱源設(shè)備裝機(jī)容量及臺(tái)數(shù)，并確保手術(shù)室，重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室等部門的特殊使用要求。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">主機(jī)配置：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 冷熱源供應(yīng)既要確保醫(yī)療工作的正常進(jìn)行，又要考慮適當(dāng)?shù)耐瑫r(shí)使用系數(shù)，“多臺(tái)搭配”模式既可滿足使用要求又節(jié)約運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。下面對(duì)主機(jī)配置做簡要分析：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 常規(guī)選用兩臺(tái)等容量主機(jī)，互為備用，不用增加負(fù)荷。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 當(dāng)系統(tǒng)負(fù)荷較大時(shí)（參考值≥300RT），應(yīng)考慮多臺(tái)主機(jī)，互為備用，提高可靠性，如果同時(shí)配備變頻泵和選用部分負(fù)荷性能良好的制冷設(shè)備能達(dá)到更好的效果。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 選用大小不同的主機(jī)進(jìn)行搭配。在過渡季節(jié)空調(diào)停止時(shí)，小型機(jī)組可以有效的發(fā)揮作用，保證手術(shù)室的獨(dú)立運(yùn)行。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 制冷設(shè)備的選擇和配置還要考慮地區(qū)性特點(diǎn)，由于醫(yī)院一些部門有延長供暖和提前供冷的要求，如，在北方地區(qū)過渡季時(shí)間短，影響相對(duì)要小，但在長江以南地區(qū)卻需要給予充分重視。在設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍庀筚Y料分析后確定。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">輸配系統(tǒng)：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1.輸配系統(tǒng)的重要性<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 從空調(diào)節(jié)能角度上講，重視輸配系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和管理是提高能源利用率的重要途徑之一。水系統(tǒng)低流量大溫差設(shè)計(jì)，可降低水泵選型規(guī)格和管網(wǎng)投資，并大幅度減少運(yùn)行電耗。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 目前空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中多數(shù)冷熱源設(shè)備負(fù)荷調(diào)節(jié)性能差，水系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜，施工周期長，管理困難，機(jī)房占地面積大。 </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-4ea126233fd3be6bfd5bf32e6b70c6f8_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">一體化輸配系統(tǒng)*</b>（參考建議）<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 現(xiàn)在市場上，整體式的輸配系統(tǒng) —一體化輸配系統(tǒng)，一般具有以下功能：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 水系統(tǒng)零阻力設(shè)計(jì)，比傳統(tǒng)輸配系統(tǒng)減少配電。水泵變頻調(diào)節(jié)，實(shí)際運(yùn)行電耗相對(duì)低。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 水系統(tǒng)配有加藥裝置，自動(dòng)添加滅菌劑，消滅軍團(tuán)菌（退伍軍人癥病源）危害。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 一體化輸配系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)減少機(jī)房占地面積。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 空調(diào)水泵進(jìn)行臺(tái)數(shù)調(diào)節(jié)，冷卻水泵和冷卻風(fēng)機(jī)配備變頻器，以便部分負(fù)荷時(shí)大幅度省電。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">管網(wǎng)</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1.醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)分區(qū)的原則<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 按冷熱負(fù)荷的狀態(tài)分。這常見于內(nèi)外分區(qū)的系統(tǒng)，內(nèi)區(qū)常年供冷，外區(qū)則夏季供冷，冬季供暖。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 按使用時(shí)間和管理要求分。醫(yī)院各部門功能不同，使用時(shí)間上也有差異。下表給出了一般綜合醫(yī)院各不同部門空調(diào)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)間分類： </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4ec6104a48ad9253df99ee81365fd587_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 按空氣潔凈度劃分。空氣潔凈度不同，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的處理方式也會(huì)有所區(qū)別。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 按溫濕度條件要求不同來區(qū)分。溫濕度條件基本相同的房間歸為同一類。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 在設(shè)計(jì)空調(diào)管網(wǎng)分區(qū)時(shí)要考慮醫(yī)院空調(diào)分區(qū)，此外運(yùn)行管理方便及經(jīng)濟(jì)性也是需要考慮的因素。合理的管網(wǎng)設(shè)計(jì)可減少不必要的管材和能源浪費(fèi)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 2.空調(diào)管路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)主要原則<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 合理布置管路，盡可能選用同程式系統(tǒng)，雖然初投資略有增加，但易于保持環(huán)路的水力穩(wěn)定性；若采用異程系統(tǒng)時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)注意各支管間的壓力平衡問題。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 確定系統(tǒng)的管徑時(shí)，應(yīng)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)計(jì)算，減少并聯(lián)環(huán)路之間壓力損失的相對(duì)差額，不應(yīng)超過15%，可不設(shè)置調(diào)節(jié)裝置，以獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的效果。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 空調(diào)管路系統(tǒng)應(yīng)滿足空調(diào)部分負(fù)荷運(yùn)行時(shí)的調(diào)節(jié)要求，要盡可能多地采用節(jié)能技術(shù)措施。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 管路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中要注意便于維修管理，操作、調(diào)節(jié)方便。 </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-1d0327e18e24c1c90a05025269df2479_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-1ca41459ce708fdb360c2f4936fb4772_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 蒸汽是醫(yī)院運(yùn)行中必不可少的，用于消毒，可用蒸汽作為能源，夏季提供空調(diào)用冷水，冬季提供溫水，使能源的綜合利用效率得到了提高。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 直燃型非電空調(diào)以天然氣為主能源，一機(jī)三用，滿足醫(yī)院需同時(shí)提供冷、熱和衛(wèi)生熱水的要求，節(jié)省初投資，且以柴油為備用能源，確保醫(yī)院空調(diào)的不間斷運(yùn)行。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 3.冷熱源設(shè)備的部分負(fù)荷系數(shù)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 在選擇冷熱源方案時(shí)，要重視其部分負(fù)荷性能?？照{(diào)主機(jī)在部分負(fù)荷下工作的效率一般要小于滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行，中央空調(diào)主機(jī)部分負(fù)荷運(yùn)行效率高于滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行效率。另外，在部分負(fù)荷運(yùn)行時(shí)，環(huán)境狀況往往對(duì)冷熱源設(shè)備的工作有影響。因此綜合評(píng)判一種冷熱源設(shè)備的能耗特性，可對(duì)大量的工程實(shí)例的常年運(yùn)行狀況進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析，或結(jié)合建筑物的全年負(fù)荷狀況、機(jī)組的變工況特性、所在地區(qū)的氣象條件，做全年的運(yùn)行能耗分析。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 根據(jù)負(fù)荷的變化合理配置機(jī)組的臺(tái)數(shù)及容量大小時(shí)，如果選用一大一小兩臺(tái)機(jī)組，可一一對(duì)應(yīng)配置空調(diào)水泵，雖然初投資稍有增加，但便于調(diào)節(jié)管理，節(jié)省運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。暖通南社整理編輯。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 機(jī)房集中設(shè)置：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)院中各單體建筑分別設(shè)置制冷機(jī)房和換熱站不是一種合理的方式，這往往造成機(jī)房數(shù)量眾多，投資增加，管理困難，因此在醫(yī)院改擴(kuò)建工程中應(yīng)盡可能的將各單體建筑的機(jī)房集中設(shè)置，在改造的過程中逐步納入集中機(jī)房的統(tǒng)一管理。新建醫(yī)院應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)集中的冷熱源機(jī)房。這種方式優(yōu)點(diǎn)明顯：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ①大型高效的制冷設(shè)備得以應(yīng)用，提高制冷效率。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ②機(jī)型配置選擇余地增大，而且更趨于合理。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ③設(shè)備數(shù)量大大減少，節(jié)省投資，減少管理費(fèi)用。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> ④病房、門診、醫(yī)技等各單體建筑運(yùn)行可靠性都得到提高。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 4.輸配系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 輸配系統(tǒng)冷卻水泵自動(dòng)變頻控制達(dá)到節(jié)能的效果。實(shí)踐表明，采用此功能后每年將減少冷卻水系統(tǒng)電耗40%～70%，且年間開機(jī)時(shí)間越長，越省電。在系統(tǒng)中裝設(shè)自動(dòng)投注滅菌劑和阻垢劑后的裝置，所增加的造價(jià)和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用比冷卻塔清洗費(fèi)要低很多。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 輸配系統(tǒng)上裝有空調(diào)水、冷卻水溫度傳感器及流量計(jì)，用于輸配系統(tǒng)變頻節(jié)能運(yùn)行控制以及制冷量、制熱量、水消耗量的計(jì)量等。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">管網(wǎng)的節(jié)能</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 選用可靠耐用的管材和極小阻力管件，如大截面過濾器、鋼片式止回閥等，從經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)綜合角度評(píng)價(jià)，≤Φ42 冷凍水管采用銅管，＞Φ42 冷凍水管采用較厚無縫鋼管，增加水系統(tǒng)的可靠性和壽命。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 確定合理的管徑，管徑大則投資多，但流動(dòng)阻力小，循環(huán)水泵的耗電量就小，使運(yùn)行費(fèi)用降低，因此，應(yīng)當(dāng)確定一種能使投資和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用之和為的管徑。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)中要杜絕大流量小溫差問題，這是管路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則，冷水溫差以7～9℃為宜，比5℃溫差節(jié)電一倍以上。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行節(jié)能</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 選擇合適的室內(nèi)參數(shù)。醫(yī)院的部分科室的室內(nèi)溫度允許在一定范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng)，設(shè)定合適的溫、濕度有利于控制過冷、過濕或過熱，這樣即可使人感到舒適也可達(dá)到良好的節(jié)能效果。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 適時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)新風(fēng)量。在醫(yī)院空調(diào)負(fù)荷中，新風(fēng)負(fù)荷占整個(gè)空調(diào)負(fù)荷的30%以上，在滿足衛(wèi)生要求的條件下，根據(jù)室內(nèi)人員和室外環(huán)境溫度變化適時(shí)改變新風(fēng)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 提高自動(dòng)化水平及設(shè)備效率。應(yīng)用自動(dòng)控制裝置，進(jìn)行集中管理和控制，使空調(diào)運(yùn)行效果，且能合理利用能量。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 適時(shí)調(diào)整冷水溫度。冷水溫度越高，COP 越高，應(yīng)根據(jù)氣候變化適時(shí)調(diào)整冷水出口溫度，比如氣溫28℃時(shí)，冷水出口可調(diào)為12℃。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (5) 及時(shí)調(diào)整冷卻設(shè)備。冷卻水溫度越低，COP 越高，及時(shí)調(diào)整冷卻設(shè)備，保證冷卻塔達(dá)到效率。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (6) 加強(qiáng)管理和維護(hù)。加強(qiáng)對(duì)空調(diào)操作人員的培訓(xùn)，提高管理人員素質(zhì)，實(shí)行空調(diào)操作人員操作證制度，定時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)房設(shè)備進(jìn)行維護(hù)保養(yǎng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (7) 做好管道維護(hù)，減少能耗。在實(shí)際運(yùn)行管理中要及時(shí)檢查維護(hù)或更換，且每年都對(duì)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)全面的檢查。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">手術(shù)室空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">凈化級(jí)別確定的依據(jù)：</b> </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-9097332175c4b25279621687d9400160_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 介紹手術(shù)部空調(diào)系統(tǒng)之前，簡要介紹下建筑平面布置及流線，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)跟其密不可分在。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">建筑平面原則：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 分區(qū)：三區(qū)兩緩，三通道。即：清潔區(qū)→氣閘緩沖→潔凈區(qū)→氣閘緩沖→高度潔凈區(qū)，醫(yī)生通道、患者通道、污物通道。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 三種流線：醫(yī)生流線、患者流線、污染物流線。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)劃分按建筑分區(qū)分別設(shè)置；空調(diào)系統(tǒng)氣流流向及壓力梯度與人流、物流反方向設(shè)置。詳下圖： </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-d37050f8ddc659912907ca38ab709c2d_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-6b206ae8bc089949ab0c3fadf50431e1_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">手術(shù)室空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> A）空調(diào)冷熱源：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 設(shè)計(jì)原則：安全可靠、同時(shí)滿足手術(shù)室供冷、供熱的要求。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 手術(shù)室采用單獨(dú)冷、熱源，大系統(tǒng)（如可采用蓄冷水池）作為備用，系統(tǒng)安全可靠。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> B)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)劃分：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 設(shè)計(jì)原則：按建筑專業(yè)功能分區(qū)，即：清潔區(qū)、潔凈區(qū)、高度潔凈區(qū)、非清潔區(qū)分別設(shè)置空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 規(guī)范規(guī)定：潔凈輔助區(qū)與清潔輔助區(qū)應(yīng)單獨(dú)設(shè)置凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí)，潔凈手術(shù)室應(yīng)每間采用獨(dú)立凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，Ⅲ、Ⅳ級(jí)潔凈手術(shù)室可2～3間合用一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 建議：手術(shù)室設(shè)計(jì)如條件（經(jīng)濟(jì)、空間）允許，推薦全部采用一拖一單獨(dú)凈化系統(tǒng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 理由：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1、系統(tǒng)節(jié)能運(yùn)行；如采用2～3間合用一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，如只有一間手術(shù)室使用，也需該系統(tǒng)全部開啟，另為滿足不同房間的溫濕度要求，風(fēng)口末端需設(shè)置加熱補(bǔ)償，耗能巨大。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 2、人性化，系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行及管理靈活。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> C)室內(nèi)溫濕度控制：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1、負(fù)荷計(jì)算：熱、濕負(fù)荷的計(jì)算，人員散熱量、散濕量，照明散熱量，設(shè)備散熱量（無影燈、電凝器、觀片燈、監(jiān)視器、呼吸機(jī)、電刀保溫柜、麻醉機(jī)、監(jiān)護(hù)儀、心電圖機(jī)、腦電圖機(jī)、肺功能測量儀、保冷柜）通常設(shè)備散熱量共約3.1KW/間。手術(shù)過程的產(chǎn)濕量。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 其他負(fù)荷：由于手術(shù)室處于空調(diào)內(nèi)區(qū)，無外窗外墻，因此近似的認(rèn)為無圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱負(fù)荷，且冬夏熱濕比相同。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 2、空氣處理過程（大部分凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)采用一次回風(fēng)空氣處理過程），如某醫(yī)院手術(shù)室項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)方案書參考如下：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 方案一：空調(diào)機(jī)組承擔(dān)室內(nèi)熱濕負(fù)荷、室外新風(fēng)負(fù)荷；一般應(yīng)用于單獨(dú)手術(shù)室，手術(shù)室總新風(fēng)量較小的凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。過程如下： </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-0379bac6a322c18a9702e6c34193669e_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-e429929a1dee5a70236c88370c426987_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 方案二：空調(diào)機(jī)組承擔(dān)室內(nèi)熱濕負(fù)荷，新風(fēng)機(jī)組集中處理室外新風(fēng)負(fù)荷；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 一般應(yīng)用于多間集中布置手術(shù)室的凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。是現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)手術(shù)室采用的方案，空氣處理過程如下： </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-9558b296419f85cc8bac701ce1cfbdf9_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 方案三：空調(diào)機(jī)組承擔(dān)室內(nèi)顯熱負(fù)荷，新風(fēng)機(jī)組承擔(dān)新風(fēng)負(fù)荷、室內(nèi)濕負(fù)荷；應(yīng)用于多間集中布置手術(shù)室的凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。過程如下： </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-52ad64a5a37750ac944dcab5ae5f619d_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-92b38e299e0b8771f92a03899171fafc_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 以一個(gè)Ⅰ級(jí)手術(shù)室為例，對(duì)比以上三種方案，計(jì)算結(jié)果如下： </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-5c5037e61715332f8085a8704c2eb2ad_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 綜合比較：某醫(yī)院采用了第三種方案。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：系統(tǒng)節(jié)能運(yùn)行。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 缺點(diǎn)：傳統(tǒng)新風(fēng)機(jī)（7/12度）工況承擔(dān)室內(nèi)濕負(fù)荷不是很容易達(dá)到。招標(biāo)時(shí)需特別注明，新風(fēng)出風(fēng)參數(shù)（溫度、濕度）。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> D)室內(nèi)潔凈度控制及氣流組織；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 室內(nèi)潔凈度控制，至少設(shè)置三級(jí)空氣過濾。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 級(jí)應(yīng)設(shè)置在新風(fēng)口或緊靠新風(fēng)口處。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 第二級(jí)應(yīng)設(shè)置在系統(tǒng)的正壓段。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 第三級(jí)應(yīng)設(shè)置在系統(tǒng)的末端或緊靠末端的靜壓箱附近，不得設(shè)在空調(diào)箱內(nèi)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">氣流組織：</b> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-9bf1dc0eb3687624051cb35f9bb183d1_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6e0e19db75663e1c19d032cbc739942b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> E)防止交差感染的策略，不同區(qū)域的壓差控制；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 合理化人流、物流、污物流線（建筑專業(yè)）；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 精確的風(fēng)量平衡計(jì)算；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 精確的風(fēng)量控制手段，有條件的手術(shù)室建議采用與壓力無關(guān)的定風(fēng)量閥；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 合理的空調(diào)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)； </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-c35108d2a65b8764e443833137f9b00a_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">手術(shù)室凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的理解與思考：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 安全可靠，手術(shù)室設(shè)計(jì)的要素；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 經(jīng)濟(jì)、空間條件允許的情況下，手術(shù)室空調(diào)系統(tǒng)采用一對(duì)一設(shè)置；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)承擔(dān)室內(nèi)濕負(fù)荷（溫濕度獨(dú)立控制），降低因空調(diào)機(jī)組承擔(dān)濕負(fù)荷后為保證空調(diào)精度而需的再熱量，是手術(shù)室等凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行節(jié)能的顯著手段。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 系統(tǒng)采用與壓力無關(guān)的定風(fēng)量閥，是實(shí)現(xiàn)精確壓差控制的必要手段，傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)閥風(fēng)量控制精度有限；<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)施工工藝：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 施工作為醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，施工質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣直接影響系統(tǒng)的效果和運(yùn)行管理，必須從設(shè)備采購、機(jī)房系統(tǒng)安裝、管網(wǎng)安裝、末端安裝、系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)收等每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行全方位的控制，才能確保工程質(zhì)量。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">機(jī)房安裝：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 機(jī)房系統(tǒng)的安裝、調(diào)試質(zhì)量的好壞，直接影響機(jī)組和整個(gè)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀況。機(jī)房系統(tǒng)的安裝牽涉面廣，技術(shù)要求較高。施工單位應(yīng)作好充分的準(zhǔn)備工作，按計(jì)劃有條不紊地進(jìn)行。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1.機(jī)房安裝工藝流程： </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-98edd54f98a6c235bbba40f29abb6d1f_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 機(jī)房安裝質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn)： </p> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-71550b623a5a0f731ab394a4e19b376b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-ce5e3096a9bbc6e2227a4a69f27ec72b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 注：若采用冷熱源設(shè)備和輸配系統(tǒng)集成的一體化設(shè)備，以上工序都全部在工廠完成，質(zhì)量更為可靠，現(xiàn)場施工極為簡單，工期不足常規(guī)工程的十分之一。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 2.管網(wǎng)安裝<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">管網(wǎng)安裝工藝流程：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 系統(tǒng)安裝工藝流程 </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-f3aad531df16e6bb63e377b814ea7a07_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 風(fēng)系統(tǒng)制安工藝流程 </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c3e5acca2f39caf609d2f853782fc94b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 管網(wǎng)施工質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn)： </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f899f74accc31eab3d7adc2a8660c1d1_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 3.末端設(shè)備安裝<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)用風(fēng)機(jī)盤管的安裝流程： </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-1096c372f572acd212e8fb16bb168bec_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 新風(fēng)機(jī)安裝流程： </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-03f7c28d708dcaa5219d926379467b38_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 空氣處理機(jī)安裝流程： </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-bc086e2746e59f93ff85e2f0ad6b15cb_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn)： </p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-335938e518574fbc218c815ebf0ba8d0_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 4.驗(yàn)收：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 安裝位置確定開墻洞機(jī)身安裝電源接入單機(jī)調(diào)試。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)收前需進(jìn)行設(shè)備單機(jī)調(diào)試，調(diào)試程序按設(shè)備廠家調(diào)試流程進(jìn)行。單機(jī)調(diào)試完畢，系統(tǒng)試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不低于8小時(shí)，通風(fēng)、除塵系統(tǒng)的連續(xù)試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不應(yīng)少于2小時(shí)，至系統(tǒng)達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)后進(jìn)行檢測、驗(yàn)收。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 技術(shù)驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：設(shè)計(jì)圖紙、國家規(guī)范《潔凈廠房設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（GB50073-2013）和《通風(fēng)與空調(diào)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》（GB50243-2016）、醫(yī)院特殊要求和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、合同要求及設(shè)備技術(shù)要求等。《主機(jī)設(shè)備機(jī)房工程驗(yàn)收表》和表《末端工程驗(yàn)收表》。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 使用驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 方便：設(shè)備、閥門安裝位置便于操作和維護(hù)保養(yǎng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 節(jié)能：冷熱源、末端、輸配系統(tǒng)可根據(jù)負(fù)荷變化進(jìn)行自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 潔凈：系統(tǒng)能高效過濾，殺滅病菌，阻隔交叉污染。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 環(huán)保：系統(tǒng)污染物及CO2 排放極低，運(yùn)行噪音低，避免“聲污染”。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 重點(diǎn)驗(yàn)收檢測內(nèi)容：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的測定內(nèi)容包括測定總送風(fēng)量、新風(fēng)量、回風(fēng)量、排風(fēng)量、送、回風(fēng)溫度、送風(fēng)顆粒物量，以及各干、支風(fēng)管內(nèi)風(fēng)量和送(回)風(fēng)口的風(fēng)量等。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 水系統(tǒng)調(diào)試測定內(nèi)容包括冷凍水供、回水溫度及流量，冷卻水供、回水溫度及流量，水泵進(jìn)、出口壓力、末端設(shè)備進(jìn)出口溫度、流量等。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 通風(fēng)與空調(diào)工程的控制和監(jiān)測設(shè)備應(yīng)能與系統(tǒng)的檢測元件和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)正常溝通，系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)參數(shù)應(yīng)能正確顯示，設(shè)備聯(lián)鎖、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)器、自動(dòng)保護(hù)應(yīng)能正確動(dòng)作。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 室內(nèi)參數(shù)的測定內(nèi)容包括：室內(nèi)溫度、濕度、進(jìn)、出風(fēng)溫度、CO2 濃度、顆粒物濃度等。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">竣工驗(yàn)收</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 竣工驗(yàn)收內(nèi)容及方法：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 安裝質(zhì)量：查閱過程控制資料，如材料進(jìn)場驗(yàn)收記錄、預(yù)檢記錄、試壓記錄、隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收記錄等資料。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 空調(diào)效果：檢查室內(nèi)溫度、濕度、噪音、進(jìn)、出風(fēng)溫度、CO2 濃度、顆粒物濃度等參數(shù)是否滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 潔凈標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：按照本篇中“潔凈等級(jí)”的要求。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 觀感質(zhì)量：檢查系統(tǒng)安裝是否美觀、管道是否橫平豎直、標(biāo)識(shí)是否清晰、各部件有無破損等。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (5) 資料驗(yàn)收：查閱竣工資料是否齊全、質(zhì)量控制資料的可追溯性、組卷是否符合規(guī)范規(guī)定。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">其他未注明要求參照下列國家規(guī)范：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1)《潔凈廠房設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（GB50073-2013）<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2)《通風(fēng)與空調(diào)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》（GB50243-2016）<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3)《建筑安裝工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB50300-2013)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4)《制冷設(shè)備、空氣分離設(shè)備安裝工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》(GB50274-2010)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (5)《工業(yè)設(shè)備及管道絕熱工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》(GB50185-2010)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">醫(yī)院空調(diào)常用檢測儀器及使用方法：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)在綜合性能全面評(píng)定時(shí)，必須對(duì)空調(diào)區(qū)域的潔凈程度、新風(fēng)量、風(fēng)速以及細(xì)菌濃度進(jìn)行檢測。常用檢驗(yàn)儀器及使用方法如下：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">空氣粒子計(jì)數(shù)器：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 目的：檢測空調(diào)區(qū)域單位體積空氣含大于或等于特定粒徑的懸浮粒子數(shù)，評(píng)定潔凈程度。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 儀器：常用激光粒子計(jì)數(shù)器（流量為2.83L/min），其基本原理是激光經(jīng)塵埃粒子散射后,對(duì)光學(xué)傳感器輸出的脈沖信號(hào)進(jìn)行數(shù)字信號(hào)處理,從而對(duì)各種粒徑的顆粒物計(jì)數(shù)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 檢測：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 檢測時(shí)嚴(yán)格按說明書操作，儀器預(yù)熱至計(jì)數(shù)穩(wěn)定后再讀數(shù)，按照要求定期對(duì)儀器做清零和檢定維護(hù)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 懸浮粒子潔凈度監(jiān)測的采樣點(diǎn)數(shù)目及其布置應(yīng)根據(jù)檢測區(qū)域的空間特點(diǎn)設(shè)置，遵循平均分布規(guī)則。采樣點(diǎn)一般在離地面0.8m高度的水平面上均勻布置。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 100級(jí)區(qū)域采樣5.66L，即采樣2 分鐘；其他區(qū)域2.83L，即采樣1分鐘。 </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-ded5a041403286ce48952cd6aca96c9a_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 注意事項(xiàng)：采樣應(yīng)在空氣凈化系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行時(shí)間不少于10 分鐘后開始。采樣口朝向應(yīng)正對(duì)氣流方向或向上。布置采樣點(diǎn)應(yīng)避開回風(fēng)口。采樣時(shí)測試人員應(yīng)在采樣口的下風(fēng)側(cè)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">CO2檢測儀：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 目的：檢測CO2濃度，監(jiān)測室內(nèi)是否缺氧，新風(fēng)量是否符合設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 儀器：常用手持式CO2檢測儀，其基本原理是紅外光線經(jīng)過檢測氣體后由紅外傳感器感應(yīng)出被CO2 吸收的部分紅外能量，從而計(jì)算出CO2濃度。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 檢測：距地1.2～1.8m 的位置檢測，不應(yīng)靠近門、窗以及氣流循環(huán)不暢、有較大溫度起伏的區(qū)域。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 注意事項(xiàng)：空氣中CO2變化時(shí)，儀器約需3 分鐘才能準(zhǔn)確反應(yīng)。 </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-050c90d8c8fca1716235878d3173f88b_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">風(fēng)速儀：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 目的：檢測風(fēng)口風(fēng)速，是否符合相關(guān)規(guī)范。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 儀器：常用手持式風(fēng)速儀，其基本原理是氣流流過敏感元件時(shí)，溫度降低，阻值減小，電阻值的變化轉(zhuǎn)換成風(fēng)速量，以數(shù)字的形式進(jìn)行顯示。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 檢測：儀器取樣器與出風(fēng)方向垂直并將風(fēng)扇置于氣流中部，風(fēng)扇取樣方向與氣流方向一致。距離出風(fēng)口50～100mm，讀數(shù)穩(wěn)定后記錄數(shù)據(jù)為風(fēng)速值。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 出風(fēng)口面積較大時(shí)應(yīng)測試3 點(diǎn)以上風(fēng)速，待讀數(shù)穩(wěn)定后鎖定并記錄，取平均。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 注意事項(xiàng)：人體及其它物件不可干擾出風(fēng)口空氣流動(dòng)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">細(xì)菌取樣培養(yǎng)裝置：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 目的：檢測空調(diào)區(qū)域單位體積空氣中細(xì)菌含量，評(píng)定潔凈程度。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 儀器：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 浮游菌采樣器、真空抽氣泵<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 撞擊法機(jī)理的采樣器，包括流量計(jì)和定時(shí)器。采樣器由附加的真空抽氣泵抽氣，將采集的空氣噴射并撞擊到培養(yǎng)基表面上，附著的活微生物粒子經(jīng)培養(yǎng)后形成菌落，予以計(jì)數(shù)。真空抽氣泵裝在采樣器下面，排氣量應(yīng)與采樣器匹配。采樣器必須按要求定期檢定。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 培養(yǎng)皿、培養(yǎng)基<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 采樣器一般采用?150mm×15mm、?90mm×15mm、?65mm×15mm 三種規(guī)格的硼硅酸玻璃培養(yǎng)皿?？筛鶕?jù)所選用采樣器選擇合適的培養(yǎng)皿。培養(yǎng)基為普通肉湯瓊脂。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 恒溫培養(yǎng)箱<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 必須定期對(duì)培養(yǎng)箱的溫度計(jì)進(jìn)行檢定。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">檢測：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 消毒<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 測試前被測潔凈室（區(qū)）及儀器、培養(yǎng)皿表面必須嚴(yán)格消毒。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 采樣步驟<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 儀器經(jīng)消毒后先不放入培養(yǎng)皿，開動(dòng)真空泵抽氣，使儀器中的殘余消毒劑蒸發(fā)，時(shí)間不少于5min，并調(diào)好流量、轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)速。關(guān)閉真空泵，放入培養(yǎng)皿，蓋上蓋子后調(diào)節(jié)采樣器縫隙高度。置采樣口于采樣點(diǎn)后，依次開啟采樣器、真空泵，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)定時(shí)器，根據(jù)采樣量設(shè)定采樣時(shí)間。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 培養(yǎng)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 采樣結(jié)束后，將培養(yǎng)皿倒置于恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中30℃～35℃培養(yǎng)48 小時(shí)以上。每批選定2 只培養(yǎng)皿作對(duì)照培養(yǎng)，檢驗(yàn)培養(yǎng)基本身是否污染。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (4) 菌落計(jì)數(shù)<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 用肉眼直接計(jì)數(shù)、標(biāo)記或在菌落計(jì)數(shù)器上點(diǎn)計(jì)，然后用5～10 倍放大鏡檢查，有否遺漏。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 浮游菌濃度計(jì)算：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (1) 采樣點(diǎn)的數(shù)目及布置<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 同懸浮顆粒物檢測方法。工作區(qū)測點(diǎn)位置離地0.8～1.5m 左右（略高于工作面）。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (2) 小采樣量<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 根據(jù)日常檢測要求，每次小采樣量為400L。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> (3) 結(jié)果計(jì)算<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 用計(jì)數(shù)方法得出各個(gè)培養(yǎng)皿的菌落數(shù)。每個(gè)測點(diǎn)的浮游菌平均濃度的計(jì)算公式為： </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-a4d2777884996356382b965911516084_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 注意事項(xiàng)：確保培養(yǎng)基無變質(zhì)、破損或污染現(xiàn)象。檢測應(yīng)在凈化空調(diào)系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行不少于10 min 后開始。采樣器采樣口朝向應(yīng)正對(duì)氣流方向或管口向上。布置采樣點(diǎn)應(yīng)避開回風(fēng)口。采樣時(shí)測試人員應(yīng)在采樣口下風(fēng)側(cè)。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 常見儀器清單 </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-25806e438ad43eba6e162925b0ac2340_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 以上為早期價(jià)格，僅供參考。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 參考文獻(xiàn)：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> GB16292-2010醫(yī)藥工業(yè)潔凈室懸浮粒子的測試方法<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> GB/T16293-2010 醫(yī)藥工業(yè)潔凈室(區(qū))浮游菌的測試方法<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 醫(yī)院建筑空調(diào)凈化與設(shè)備中國建筑工業(yè)出版社涂光備等編著 2005 年<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> <b style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"="">附表：</b><br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 潔凈手術(shù)部空氣質(zhì)量 </p> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d6f3c87f4b4b0b79ca7021672de1c2af_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://picb.zhimg.com/v2-61efbe6479b469de14ac5ace1568a8f8_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p class="ztext-empty-paragraph" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""><br /> </p> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-706ea5e2ae5b7e0b9f1d4c7ca41362e1_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;border:none;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;"=""> <p style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-indent:2em;color:#404040;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:#ffffff;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;"=""> <br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 交梭狀態(tài)潔凈室（空態(tài)）：已建成并準(zhǔn)備運(yùn)行的、具有凈化空調(diào)的全部設(shè)施及功能，但室內(nèi)沒有設(shè)備和人員的潔凈室。待工作狀態(tài)潔凈室（靜態(tài)）：室內(nèi)凈化空調(diào)設(shè)施及功能齊備，如有工藝設(shè)備，工藝設(shè)備已安裝并可運(yùn)行，但無工作人員時(shí)的潔凈室。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 感染責(zé)任“四不放過”處理表<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 發(fā)生重大感染責(zé)任后，不是解決就行了，而應(yīng)做到：<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 1.原因不查清，不放過。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 2.沒有制定有效措施消除問題根源，不放過。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 3.對(duì)以往發(fā)生的類似問題不徹底解決，不放過。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> 4.對(duì)責(zé)任人不追查、不教育、不放過。<br style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" text-size-adjust:none;"=""> NO. </p> <p> <img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-dba8a661fb6878a0c85afe54d1ed36b4_b.jpg" class="" style="word-break:break-all;font-family:" 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